The independence of judges encompasses a variety of problematic aspects. A key element is the relationship of the judiciary to the legislative and executive powers. What does it mean that judges should be independent, and what is the basis of this principle from a judicial point of view and from the perspective of the history of ideas? It has been argued that the growing judicialization of society is increasing judicial power in relation to the other branches of government. Is this observation correct, and if so, what consequences might it have for the independence of judges? How much influence should the executive power have in the administration of the court system, for example in the process of appointing judges, and can administrative governance threaten the integrity and independence of judges? What are the international trends in this field? How do lawyers, prosecuting authorities and social scientists view this principle? What challenges are posed by a multicultural society? How should the principle be adapted to today’s media society? The independence of judges also has an impact on states’ obligations under international human rights conventions and in the context of international solidarity: how can independent courts with independent judges be established in countries undergoing a process of transition to democracy and the rule of law? How should the principle be applied in international courts?